Medications

Follow are the medications I have to decide about, with condensed information about them.

Sulfasalazine

• It is not a pain killer.
• Sulfasalazine has been found to reverse the scarring associated with cirrhosis of the liver
• According to the findings of a case series published in BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, the use of sulfasalazine in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis can result in serious hepatotoxicity (chemical-driven liver damage) - an adverse effect which appears to be ‘under-appreciated’ in practice.
• The use of sulfasalazine has declined due mainly to the fact that it yields the metabolite sulfapyridine which gives rise to side-effects such as agranulocytosis (an acute condition involving a severe and dangerous leukopenia (a decrease in the number of circulating white blood cells (leukocytes) in the blood) particularly of neutrophils (a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil) causing a neutropenia in the circulating blood) and hypospermia (a man problem).
• Sulfasalazine, and its metabolite 5-ASA, are poorly absorbed. Its main mode of action is therefore believed to be inside the intestine.
• When treatment for arthritis is successful, pain, joint swelling and stiffness will be reduced and this may slow down or stop the development of joint damage.
• Because sulfasalazine and its metabolite 5-ASA are poorly absorbed into the bloodstream, it is surprising that the drug is effective against symptoms outside of the intestine. One possible explanation is that, given that ulcerative colitis produces arthritic symptoms, it is possible that, in some cases, the arthritic symptoms are actually a product of unrecognized ulcerative colitis, which is effectively treated with sulfazalazine.
• The other metabolite, sulfapyridine, is absorbed into the blood
• It is a pill.
  

Side effects

• Nausea (controlled by a reduction in dose)
• Occasionally mouth ulcers, a sore mouth or loose bowel motions may occur. Certain patients may develop a headache or slight dizziness but adjusting the dosage may bring things under control.
• A rash may develop which may be itchy, but usually resolves quite quickly once the drug is stopped. Sulfasalazine can in rare cases cause a drop in the numbers of white blood cells which are needed to fight infection. If the blood count is monitored closely, it is unusual for this to be serious. Sulfasalazine can decrease the numbers of platelets, cells which help to stop bleeding, but again it is rare for this to actually cause problems. If however you develop a sore mouth, mouth ulcers, easy bruising, nosebleeds or bleeding gums, your doctor should be notified immediately.
• The other potential problem is that sulfasalazine can cause a type of hepatitis (liver inflammation)
• Sulfasalazine always causes some orange discolouration of the urine and your perspiration may be a little orange-tinged.
• Temporary infertility may also occur in women
• Myelosuppression (Bone marrow suppression) has been reported

Methotrexate

• It is an antimetabolite (a chemical with a similar structure to a substance required for normal biochemical reactions, yet different enough to interfere with the normal functions of cells) and antifolate (The antifolate methotrexate is a drug often used to treat cancer because it inhibits the production of the active form of THF from the inactive dihydrofolate (DHF). Unfortunately, methotrexate can be toxic, producing side effects such as inflammation in the digestive tract that make it difficult to eat normally) drug used in treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases.
• It acts by inhibiting the metabolism of folic acid.
• Methotrexate competitively and reversibly inhibits dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), an enzyme that participates in the tetrahydrofolate synthesis.
• It can be taken as a pill or a shot.
  

Side Effects

• Miscarriage (while using drug)
• Anemia (weakness, fatigue, paleness)
• Neutropenia (a hematological disorder characterized by an abnormally low number of a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil)
• Increased risk of bruising
• Nausea and vomiting
• Dermatitis (inflammation of the skin)
  
• Diarrhea.
  
• A small percentage of patients develop hepatitis (implies injury to the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ)
  
• There is an increased risk of pulmonary fibrosis (refers to a group of lung diseases affecting the interstitium of the lung).
• There is a risk of a severe adverse reaction if penicillin is prescribed alongside methotrexate. There have also been some reports of central nervous system reactions to methotrexate especially when given via the intrathecal route which include myelopathies and leucoencephalopathies
• There have been reports of exacerbation of depressive illness with methotrexate.

Humira

• HUMIRA is a medicine called a TNF blocker, that is a type of protein that blocks the action of a substance your body makes called TNF- . TNF- is made by your body's immune system. People with Rheumatoid Arthritis have too much of it in their bodies. The extra TNF- in your body can attack normal healthy body tissues and cause inflammation especially in the tissues in your bones, cartilage, and joints. HUMIRA helps reduce the signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis (such as pain and swollen joints) and may help prevent further damage to your bones and joints.
• Clinical trials on HUMIRA have indicated that many people using HUMIRA experience relief from the signs and symptoms of RA (such as pain, swollen joints and tiredness) as early as 1-2 weeks. Importantly, TNF blockers may also help prevent damage to your bones and joints. This is important because, once bone and joint damage from Rheumatoid Arthritis happens, it is permanent. Joint damage also plays a big part in how you will feel in the future. As with all medicines, HUMIRA will work better for some people than for others.
• It is a shot.
  

Side effects:

• Serious side effects, which sometimes lead to death, have happened in patients taking HUMIRA.
• Serious infections. These infections include TB (tuberculosis) and infections caused by viruses, fungi, or bacteria. Your doctor will examine you for TB and perform a test to see if you have TB. If your doctor feels that you are at risk for TB, you may be treated with medicine for TB before you begin treatment with HUMIRA and during treatment with HUMIRA. Even if your TB test is negative your doctor should carefully monitor you for TB infections while you are taking HUMIRA. Patients who had a negative TB skin test before receiving HUMIRA have developed active TB. Tell your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms while taking or after taking HUMIRA: cough, low-grade fever, weight loss, or loss of body fat and muscle.
• Certain types of cancer. There have been cases of certain kinds of cancer in patients taking HUMIRA or other TNF blockers. Patients with RA, especially more serious RA, may have a higher chance for getting a kind of cancer called lymphoma. Some patients receiving HUMIRA have developed types of cancer called non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer of the skin), which are generally not life threatening if treated. Tell your doctor if you have a bump or open sore that doesn’t heal.
• Allergic reactions. Signs of a serious allergic reaction include skin rash, a swollen face, or trouble breathing.
• Hepatitis B virus reactivation in patients that carry the virus in their blood. Tell your doctor if you have any of the following symptoms: feel unwell, poor appetite, fatigue, fever, rash or joint pain.
• Nervous system problems. Signs and symptoms include: numbness or tingling, problems with your vision, weakness in your arms or legs, and dizziness.
• Blood problems. Symptoms include a fever that does not go away, bruising or bleeding very easily, or looking very pale.
• New heart failure or worsening heart failure you already have. Symptoms include shortness of breath or swelling of your ankles or feet, or sudden weight gain.
• Immune reactions including a lupus-like syndrome. Symptoms include chest discomfort or pain that does not go away, shortness of breath, joint pain, or rash on your cheeks or arms that gets worse in the sun.
• Common side effects of HUMIRA are: injection site reactions (redness, rash, swelling, itching or bruising), upper respiratory infections (sinus infections), headaches, rash and nausea.